Percepção sobre o cuidado à perda gestacional: estudo qualitativo com casais brasileiros / Perceptions on pregnancy loss care: a qualitative study with brazilian couples / Percepción sobre la atención a la pérdida del embarazo: estudio cualitativo con parejas brasileñas

Este artigo analisou a percepção e os sentimentos de casais sobre o atendimento recebido nos serviços de saúde acessados em função de perda gestacional (óbito fetal ante e intraparto). O convite para a pesquisa foi divulgado em mídias sociais (Instagram e Facebook). Dos 66 casais que contataram a equipe, 12 participaram do estudo, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu em 2018. Os casais responderam conjuntamente a uma ficha de dados sociodemográficos e uma entrevista semiestruturada, realizada presencialmente (n=4) ou por videochamada (n=8). Os dados foram gravados em áudio e posteriormente transcritos. A Análise Temática indutiva das entrevistas identificou cinco temas: sentimento de impotência, iatrogenia vivida nos serviços, falta de cuidado em saúde mental, não reconhecimento da perda como evento com consequências emocionais negativas, e características do bom atendimento. Os achados demonstraram situações de violência, comunicação deficitária, desvalorização das perdas precoces, falta de suporte para contato com o bebê falecido e rotinas pouco humanizadas, especialmente durante a internação após a perda. Para aprimorar a assistência às famílias enlutadas, sugere-se qualificação profissional, ampliação da visibilidade do tema entre diferentes atores e reorganização dos serviços, considerando uma diretriz clínica para atenção ao luto perinatal, com destaque para o fortalecimento da inserção de equipes de saúde mental no contexto hospitalar.(AU)

This study analyzed couples' perceptions and feelings about pregnancy loss care (ante and intrapartum fetal death). A research invitation was published on social media (Instagram and Facebook) and data collection took place in 2018. Of the 66 couples who contacted the research team, 12 participated in the study by filling a sociodemographic questionnaire and answering a semi-structured interview in person (n=04) or by video call (n=08). All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and examined by Inductive Thematic Analysis, which identified five themes: feelings of impotence, iatrogenic experiences in health services, lack of mental health care, not recognizing pregnancy loss as an emotionally overwhelming event, and aspects of good healthcare. Analysis showed experiences of violence, poor communication, devaluation of early losses, lack of support for contact with the deceased baby, and dehumanizing routines, especially during hospitalization after loss. Professional qualification, extended pregnancy loss visibility among different stakeholders, and reorganization of health services are needed to improve the care offered to grieving families, considering a clinical guideline for perinatal grief care with emphasis on strengthening the insertion of mental health teams in the hospital context.(AU)

Este estudio analizó las percepciones y sentimientos de parejas sobre la atención recibida en los servicios de salud a los que accedieron debido a la pérdida del embarazo (muerte fetal ante e intraparto). La invitación al estudio se publicó en las redes sociales (Instagram y Facebook). De las 66 parejas que se contactaron con el equipo, 12 participaron en el estudio, cuya recolección de datos se realizó en 2018. Las parejas respondieron un formulario de datos sociodemográficos y realizaron una entrevista semiestructurada presencialmente (n=4) o por videollamada (n=08). Los datos se grabaron en audio para su posterior transcripción. El análisis temático inductivo identificó cinco temas: Sentimiento de impotencia, experiencias iatrogénicas en los servicios, falta de atención a la salud mental, falta de reconocimiento de la pérdida como un evento con consecuencias emocionales negativas y características de buena atención. Los hallazgos evidenciaron situaciones de violencia, comunicación deficiente, desvalorización de las pérdidas tempranas, falta de apoyo para el contacto con el bebé fallecido y rutinas poco humanizadas, especialmente durante la hospitalización tras la pérdida. Para mejorar la atención a las familias en duelo, se sugiere capacitación profesional, ampliación de la visibilidad del tema entre los diferentes actores y reorganización de los servicios, teniendo en cuenta una guía clínica para la atención del duelo perinatal, enfocada en fortalecer la inserción de los equipos de salud mental en el contexto hospitalario.(AU)

Use of Vacuum-suction in Depressed Skull Fractures ­ Case Report and Technical Nuances of Nonoperative Treatment

Up to 20% of victims from skull fractures are represented by the pediatric population, and 50% of these lesions are depressed skull fractures. The treatment is multimodal in nature, ranging from conservative treatment to open surgical repair. The last one is associated, although in a small proportion, to complications, such as infections, hematomas and even death, besides the risks of the anesthetic procedure itself. The authors of the present article present a case report of the successful treatment of a depressed skull fracture in a newborn patient, using the vacuum-suction technique. The use of vacuum-suction may be beneficial for the pediatric patients, as it is a quick, non-invasive procedure, without the need for general anesthesia.

Obstetric Paralysis: Who is to blame? A systematic literature review / Paralisia obstétrica: De quem é a culpa? Uma revisão sistemática de literatura

Abstract Obstetric palsy is classically defined as the brachial plexus injury due to shoulder dystocia or to maneuvers performed on difficult childbirths. In the last 2 decades, several studies have shown that half of the cases of Obstetric palsy are not associated with shoulder dystocia and have raised other possible etiologies for Obstetric palsy. The purpose of the present study is to collect data from literature reviews, classic articles, sentries, and evidence-based medicine to better understand the events involved in the occurrence of Obstetric palsy. A literature review was conducted in the search engine PubMed (MeSH - Medical Subject Headings) with the following keywords: shoulder dystocia and obstetric palsy, completely open, boundless regarding language or date. Later, the inclusion criterion was defined as revisions. A total of 21 review articles associated with the themes described were found until March 8, 2018. Faced with the best available evidence to date, it is well-demonstrated that Obstetric palsy occurs in uncomplicated deliveries and in cesarean deliveries, and there are multiple factors that can cause it, relativizing the responsibility of obstetricians, nurses, and midwives. The present study aims to break the paradigms that associate Obstetric palsy compulsorily with shoulder dystocia, and that its occurrence necessarily implies negligence, malpractice or recklessness of the team involved.

Resumo A paralisia obstétrica é classicamente definida como a lesão do plexo braquial decorrente da distócia de ombros ou das manobras executadas no parto difícil. Nas 2 últimas décadas, vários estudos comprovaram que metade dos casos de paralisia obstétrica não estão associados à distócia de ombros e levantaram outras possíveis etiologias para a paralisia obstétrica. O objetivo do presente trabalho é colher dados da literatura de revisão, artigos clássicos, sentinelas e da medicina baseada em evidências para compreender melhor os eventos envolvidos na ocorrência de paralisia obstétrica. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura no motor de busca da PubMed (MeSH - Medical Subject Headings) com as seguintes palavras-chave: shoulder dystocia and obstetric palsy, completamente aberto, sem limites de língua ou data. Posteriormente, definimos como critério de inclusão artigos de revisão. Encontramos 21 artigos de revisão com associação dos temas descritos até 8 de março de 2018. Frente às melhores evidências existentes até o momento, está bem demonstrado que a paralisia obstétrica ocorre em partos não complicados e em partos cesáreos, e são múltiplos os fatores que podem causá-la, relativizando a responsabilidade de médicos obstetras, enfermeiras e parteiras. Procuramos, com o presente estudo, quebrar os paradigmas de que paralisia obstétrica se associa obrigatoriamente à distócia de ombros e que a sua ocorrência necessariamente implica em negligência, imperícia ou imprudência da equipe envolvida.

Transferencias tendíneas alrededor del hombro para paciente con secuelas de lesiones de plexo braquial / Tendon transfers around the shoulder for patient with brachial plexus injury sequels

Resumen: Las lesiones de plexo braquial pueden afectar de forma muy significativa la función de los pacientes. El tipo de manejo va a depender de la severidad de la lesión como también de la localización anatómica de ésta. Las transferencias tendíneas alrededor del hombro han surgido como una alternativa efectiva de tratamiento y por lo tanto, debemos considerarlas cuando nos vemos enfrentados a pacientes que la podrían requerir. Existen diversas técnicas de transferencia, las que se utilizan con más frecuencia son las transferencias de trapecio superior, de dorsal ancho y de trapecio inferior, cada una con sus indicaciones y objetivos específicos según el tipo de paciente. Estas cirugías tienen como propósito disminuir el dolor producto de la hipotonía y subluxación glenohumeral como también mejorar el rango de movimiento del hombro, logrando que el paciente lleve su mano al plano que requiera para realizar sus actividades de la vida diaria. Presentaremos algunas de las técnicas de transferencia tendínea de hombro más utilizadas asociadas a una revisión bibliográfica y una descripción de nuestra experiencia con estas cirugías.

Abstract: Brachial plexus lesions can significantly affect patient function. The type of management will depend on the severity of the injury as well as the anatomical location. Tendon transfers around the shoulder have emerged as an effective treatment alternative, and therefore we should consider them when faced with patients who might require it. There are various transfer techniques, within which the most frequently used are upper trapezium, latissimus dorsi and lower trapezium transfers, each with its specific indications and objectives depending on the type of patient. These surgeries aim to decrease the pain resulting from the hypotonia and glenohumeral subluxation as well as improve the range of movement of the shoulder, getting the patient to take his hand to the plane that requires to perform his daily life activities. We will provide a description of some of the most commonly used shoulder tendon transfer techniques associated with a bibliographic review and a description of our experience with these surgeries.

Laceração palpebral e canalicular neonatal em parto cesárea / Neonatal eyelid and canalicular laceration in cesarean delivery

Resumo Na medicina moderna, lesões traumáticas neonatais durante o parto são raras. Mais raras ainda são as relatadas por ocasião de um parto cesárea. Reporta-se o primeiro caso descrito de laceração palpebral e canicular neonatal em parto cesáreo. Descreve-se o trabalho conjunto de diagnóstico oportuno por parte da equipe de pediatria e a pronta intervenção cirúrgica oftalmológica num caso bem conduzido de laceração palpebral e canalicular à direita. O lactente apresenta-se sem prejuízo funcional permanente durante seguimento pós-operatório.

Abstract In modern medicine, neonatal traumatic injuries during childbirth are rare. More rarely are those during a cesarean birth. That is the first reported case of palpebral laceration and neonatal canicular cesarean section. We describe the joint work of early diagnosis by the pediatric team and the prompt ophthalmologic surgical intervention in a well-conducted case of right palpebral and canalicular laceration. The infant presents without permanent functional impairment during postoperative follow-up.

Outcomes of surgical treatments for rectovaginal fistula and prognostic factors for successful closure: a single-center tertiary hospital experiences

PURPOSE: Rectovaginal fistula can result from various causes and diverse surgical procedures have developed as a result. We investigated the outcomes of surgical treatments for rectovaginal fistula according to causes and procedures. METHODS: Between 1998 and 2016, 92 patients underwent 128 operations for rectovaginal fistula. Prospectively collected data were recorded, and a retrospective review was conducted. RESULTS: The median age was 49 years, and low fistula occurred in 58 patients (63.0%). The most common cause was radiation therapy, followed by pelvic operation, birth injury, perineal operation, cancer invasion, and trauma. The most common procedure during the first operation was diverting ostomy alone, followed by transanal rectal advancement flap, sphincteroplasty with perineoplasty, bowel resection, fistulectomy with seton placement, and Martius flap. Thirty-one patients (33.7%) experienced successful closure after the first operation. Repeated operations were performed in 16 patients (17.4%), including gracilis muscle transpositions, stem cell injections, and Martius flaps. The overall success rate was 42.4% (n = 39). Radiation therapy and pelvic operation as cause of fistula were significantly poor prognostic factors (P = 0.010, P = 0.045) and Crohn disease had a tendency for poor prognostic factors (P = 0.058). CONCLUSION: Radiation therapy and pelvic operation for cancer were more common causes than birth injury, and these causes of rectovaginal fistula were the most important prognostic factors. An individualized approach and repeated surgeries with complex or newly developed procedures, even among high-risk causes of fistula, may be necessary to achieve successful closure.

Hematoma de la vaina de los rectos en un recién nacido macrosómico después de un parto distócico: A propósito de un caso / Rectus sheath hematoma in a macrosomie neonate following difficult delivery: Case report

La macrosomía es un factor de riesgo de traumatismos obstétricos y se asocia con morbimortalidad neonatal. El cefalohematoma y la fractura clavicular son los más frecuentes. Los traumatismos intrabdominales son poco frecuentes. El hematoma de la vaina de los rectos es una acumulación de sangre en la vaina del músculo recto mayor del abdomen. Se asocia con traumatismos, cirugías y tratamiento anticoagulante, en especial en los adultos y las personas de edad avanzada. En este artículo presentamos el caso de un recién nacido de sexo masculino con parto vaginal distócico. Durante el examen físico se observó un hematoma periumbilical de 1 x 1 cm y un cefalohematoma parietal de 1 x 1 cm. En la ecografía abdominal y la tomografía computada del abdomen se observó un hematoma de la vaina del recto derecho de 7 x 4 x 2 cm.

Macrosomia is a risk factor for birth injuries and is associated with neonatal morbidity and mortality. Cephalohematoma and clavicular fracture are the most frequent birth injuries. Intraabdominal injuries are uncommon birth injuries. Rectus sheath hematoma (RSH) is an accumulation of blood in the sheath of rectus abdominis muscle. It is associated with trauma, operations and anticoagulant therapy, especially in adults and elders. We present a macrosomic male neonate with difficult vaginal delivery, who had in the physical examination periumblical ecchymose of 1x1 cm and a parietal cephalohametoma of 1x1 cm. The abdominal ultrasonogram and the computed tomography scan of the abdomen showed a 7x4x2 cm right rectus sheath hematoma.

Neurodevelopmental Prognostic Factors in 73 Neonates with the Birth Head Injury / 대한신경손상학회지

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to reinterpret the neurodevelopmental prognostic factors that are associated with birth head injury by performing a long-term follow-up. METHODS: Seventy-three neonates with head injuries were retrospectively analyzed after a duration of 10.0±7.3 years to determine the correlations between perinatal factors, including gender, head circumference, gestational age, body weight, and mode of delivery, and head injury factors from radiologic imaging with social, fine motor, language, and motor developmental quotients. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between perinatal factors and head injury factors with respect to head circumference, body weight, gestational age, mode of delivery, Apgar scores at 1 min, cephalohematoma, subdural hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and hypoxic injury, but no direct correlation by regression analysis was observed between perinatal factors and developmental quotients. Of the head injury factors, falx hemorrhage showed a significant indirect relationship with the language and motor developmental quotients. Mode of delivery, subgaleal hematoma, cephalohematoma, greenstick skull fracture, epidural hemorrhage (EDH), tentorial hemorrhage, brain swelling, and hypoxic injury showed an indirect relationship with social development. CONCLUSION: In terms of perinatal factors and head injury factors, mode of delivery, subgaleal hematoma, cephalohematoma, greenstick skull fracture, EDH, tentorial hemorrhage, falx hemorrhage, brain swelling, and hypoxic injury displayed an indirect relationship with long-term development, and therefore these factors require particular attention for perinatal care.

Serum from pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus increases the expression of FABP4 mRNA in primary subcutaneous human pre-adipocytes

OBJECTIVE: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance first detected during pregnancy. It can result in pregnancy complications such as birth injury, stillbirth. Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), found in adipose tissue, is associated with insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether FABP4 in the placenta and decidua of pregnant women with GDM is higher than that in normal pregnant women, and whether serum from pregnant women with GDM may cause adipocytes to secrete more FABP4 than does serum from a normal pregnant group. METHODS: We obtained placentas, deciduas, and serum from 12 pregnant women with GDM and 12 normal pregnant women and performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction. We cultured human pre-adipocytes for 17 days with GDM and non-GDM serum and performed western blot, real time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction, and oil red O staining. RESULTS: Expression of FABP4 in serum, placenta and decidua of pregnant women with GDM was significantly higher than that in normal pregnant women. Serum from pregnant women with GDM increased the expression of FABP4 mRNA and decreased the expression of adiponectin mRNA in human pre-adipocytes significantly. Adipocyte cultured in GDM serum showed significantly greater lipid accumulation than those cultured in normal serum. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that FABP4 is higher in placenta and decidua from pregnant women with GDM. Increased circulating FABP4 in maternal serum from pregnant women with GDM may originate from adipocytes and the placenta. Circulating FABP4 can induce increased insulin resistance and decreased insulin sensitivity.

Clinical Significance of Epidural Hematoma Related to Birth in Newborn / 대한주산의학회잡지

PURPOSE: Epidural hematoma (EDH) in newborn is very rare, but when it occurs it is usually due to birth injury. We have evaluated the incidence and clinical features of EDH related to birth in newborn. METHODS: We analyzed medical records of 12 newborns diagnosed with EDH at Cheil General Hospital and Women's Health Care Center from January 2000 to December 2015 retrospectively. RESULTS: The incidence of EDH related to birth was 0.01%, occurring in 1 of 10,000 live births. Of the total 12 cases, 10 occurred in male and 8 in vaginal delivery. Among them, 11 infants had evidences of birth injury. Clinical presentation was nonspecific: only 1 infant had neurologic symptoms. The temporooccipital area was the most frequent location of EDH. The median size of EDH was 3.2±0.8 cm in length and 1.2±0.7 cm in depth. Mass effect accompanied with midline shift on radiologic imaging was shown in one case. Surgical drainage was needed only in one infant with neurologic symptom and mass effect on radiologic imaging, while the others were treated conservatively. CONCLUSION: Neonatal EDH related to birth was treated conservatively in most cases. The radiologic mass effect and neurologic symptom should be considered as indication for surgical intervention.

Asociación entre el precio de los alimentos y la glucemia en adultos estadounidenses con diabetes de tipo 2 / The Association Between Food Prices and the Blood Glucose Level of US Adults With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJETIVOS: Calculamos la asociación entre el precio de diversas categorías de alimentos saludables y menos saludables y la glucemia en adultos estadounidenses con diabetes de tipo 2. MÉTODOS: Vinculamos la información de salud contenida en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 1999-2006 y el precio de los alimentos a partir de la base trimestral de datos de precios de los alimentos. Aplicamos una regresión de los valores de glucemia con respecto al precio de los alimentos en el trimestre anterior, con control de la región del mercado y otras covariables. Examinamos asimismo si la asociación entre el precio de los alimentos y la glucemia variaba entre distintos grupos de ingresos. RESULTADOS: Tanto el precio de las frutas y verduras como el precio de los productos lácteos magros se asocian a la glucemia en las personas con diabetes de tipo 2. En concreto, un precio mayor de las frutas y verduras y de los productos lácteos se asocia a valores más altos de glu-cohemoglobina y de glucemia en ayunas tres meses después. La asociación entre el precio de los alimentos y la glucemia es mayor en las personas de ingresos bajos que en las de ingresos elevados, en la dirección esperada. CONCLUSIONES: Un precio mayor de los alimentos saludables se asocia a cifras más elevadas de glucemia en las personas con diabetes de tipo 2. Esta asociación fue especialmente pronunciada en las personas con diabetes de tipo 2 con ingresos bajos.

OBJECTIVES: We estimated the association between the price of healthy and less-healthy food groups and blood sugar among US adults with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We linked 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey health information to food prices contained in the Quarterly Food-at-Home Price Database. We regressed blood sugar levels on food prices from the previous calendar quarter, controlling for market region and a range of other covariates. We also examined whether the association between food prices and blood sugar varies among different income groups. RESULTS: The prices of produce and low-fat dairy foods were associated with blood sugar levels of people with type 2 diabetes. Specifically, higher prices for produce and low-fat dairy foods were associated with higher levels of glycated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose 3 months later. Food prices had a greater association with blood sugar for low-income people than for higherincome people, and in the expected direction. CONCLUSIONS: Higher prices of healthy foods were associated with increased blood sugar among people with type 2 diabetes. The association was especially pronounced among low-income people with type 2 diabetes.

Hemorragia postparto por causas diferentes a atonia uterina severa en el Hospital Escuela Universitario de Tegucigalpa / Postpartum hemorrhage due to different causes not owing to severe uterine atony at the Hospital Escuela Universitario in Tegucigalpa

Objetivo: caracterizar los casos de Hemorragia Post-Parto (HPP) que ocurren por etiologías diferentes a la hemorragia por atonía uterina en el Hospital Escuela de Tegucigalpa. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo-transversal, se tomó como población a todas las pacientes que ingresaron al Hospital Escuela por atención de parto vía vaginal, cesárea o ingresadas en el puerperio inmediato durante los meses de junio a diciembre del año 2011. La muestra se tomó de las pacientes complicadas con hemorragia postparto diagnosticadas clínicamente según la clasificación de Benedetti. Se consideró la presencia de factores de riesgo asociados al manejo y complicaciones. Resultados: ocurrieron 10,701 nacimientos y 56 casos de hemorragia postparto poratonía grado I, trauma del canal del parto, retención de tejido o trastornos de la coagulación, con una frecuencia de 0.5% de casos, las causas de hemorragia fueron: 22(39%) casos por trauma del canal del parto, de estos, 17(77%) fueron nacimientos por cesárea; ocurrieron 19(34%) por retención de tejido. Se clasificó la gravedad de la hemorragia que presentaron las pacientes al momento del ingreso en grado III y grado IV, resultando 9 (16%) casos de cada uno. Las complicaciones fueron: coagulopatía, falla renal, sepsis y Síndrome Anémico. La mayoría de las pacientes 45 (80%) presentó gestaciones a término; los factores de riesgo fueron: 13(23%) enfermedad hipertensiva, en 4 (7%) se aumentó la labor del parto con fármacos, la mayoría 30 (54%) no tuvieron factores asociados. El manejo inicial se realizó con reanimación con cristaloides, el uterotónico más utilizado fue la combinación de oxitocina y prostaglandinas en 20 (36%) pacientes, se realizó manejo quirúrgico en 14 (25%) y ocurrieron 3(5%) muertes por complicaciones asociadas a hemorragia. Conclusiones: La causa más frecuente de hemorragia postparto encontrada en la población de estudio fue el trauma del canal del parto; en su mayoría...

Factores asociados al trauma obstétrico en recién nacidos, atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo durante el período de Enero a Diciembre del 2012 / Factors associated with obstetric trauma in newborn, treated at the National Hospital Dos de Mayo during the period January to December 2012

OBJETIVOS: Determinar los factores asociados al trauma obstétrico en recién nacidos atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo durante el período de Enero a Diciembre del 2012. METODOLOGIA: Estudio Observacional, de tipo analítico, prospectivo, transversal. Se estudió un total de 151 recién nacidos con trauma obstétrico (que representaron el grupo de estudio) y 199 recién nacidos sin trauma obstétrico (que representaron el grupo comparativo) que se atendieron en los servicios de pediatría que acuden al Hospital Nacional Dos entre Enero a Diciembre 2012. Se estimaron las frecuencias absolutas y relativas y medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión. Se utilizó la prueba Chi cuadrado y t-Student, toda interpretación estadística se realizó con un nivel de significancia del 95 por ciento. RESULTADOS: con respecto al perfil sociodemográfico de las gestantes, la edad promedio es de 24.2±6 años, siendo en la mayoría de 19-35 años (80.3 por ciento). El 72 por ciento de las participantes son convivientes y el 79.1 por ciento tienen un nivel educativo secundario. El 71.5 por ciento de las pacientes del grupo de estudio fueron "Nulíparas" comparado con el 47.7 por ciento de las pacientes del grupo comparativo, hallándose frecuencias relativas estadísticamente significativas (p<0.001). El 30.5 por ciento de las pacientes del primer grupo y el 36.7 por ciento de las pacientes del segundo grupo fueron consideradas con "Sobrepeso", encontrándose diferencias significativas (p=0.005), la duración del parto fue "Adecuado" en el grupo de estudio y el grupo comparativo (78.8 por ciento y el 97 por ciento respectivamente), siendo las frecuencias relativas estadísticamente diferentes (p<0.001). En el 8.6 por ciento del grupo de estudio se realizaron maniobras externas a diferencia del grupo comparativo, que sólo se realizaron maniobras externas en el 0.5 por ciento, por lo existe diferencia significativa en ambos grupos (p=<0.001). El sexo masculino fue predominante en el...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors associated with obstetric trauma in newborns treated at the National Hospital Dos de Mayo during the period of January to December 2012. METHODOLOGY: Observational study of type prospective analytical. We worked with a total of 151 infants with obstetric trauma (representing the study group) and 199 infants without obstetric trauma (representing the comparison group) that were treated at pediatric services attending at the National Hospital Dos de Mayo during the period of January to December 2012. We estimated absolute and relative frequencies and measures of central tendency and dispersion. We used the chi-square test and t-Student all statistical interpretation was performed with a significance level of 95 per cent. RESULTS: The demographic profile of pregnant women is average age 24.2±6 years, the majority being 19-35 years (80.3 per cent). The 72 per cent of participants are cohabiting and 79.1 per cent have a high school level. The 71.5 per cent of patients in the study were "Nulliparous" compared with 47.7 per cent of patients in the comparison group, being statistically significant the relative frequencies (p<0.001). The 30.5 per cent of patients in the first group and 36.7 per cent of patients in the second group were considered to "Overweight", finding significant differences (p=0.005), the duration of labor was "adequate" in the study group and the comparison group (78.8 per cent and 97 per cent respectively), the relative frequencies were statistically different (p<0.001). In 8.6 per cent of the study group were performed external maneuvers unlike the comparison group, only external maneuvers were performed at 0.5 per cent, so there is significant difference in both groups (p=<0.001). Males were predominant in the study group at 57.6 per cent compared to 46.2 per cent of infants in the comparison group were statistically significant both relative frequencies (p=0.035). The Apgar score in the 1st minute less than...

Prognostic value of thumb pain sensation in birth brachial plexopathy / Valor prognóstico da sensibilidade dolorosa do polegar na plexopatia braquial relacionada ao parto

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of absent thumb pain sensation in newborns and young infants with birth brachial plexopathy. METHODS: We evaluated 131 patients with birth brachial plexopathy with less than two months of age. Pain sensation was evoked by thumb nail bed compression to evaluate sensory fibers of the upper trunk (C6). The patients were followed-up monthly. Patients with less than antigravity elbow flexion at six months of age were considered to have a poor outcome. RESULTS: Thirty patients had absent thumb pain sensation, from which 26 showed a poor outcome. Sensitivity of the test was 65% and specificity was 96%. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of thumb pain sensation should be included in the clinical assessment of infants with birth brachial plexopathy.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor prognóstico da hipoestesia dolorosa no polegar em recém-nascidos e lactentes jovens com plexopatia braquial obstétrica. MÉTODOS: Avaliamos 131 pacientes com plexopatia braquial obstétrica com menos de dois meses de idade. A sensação dolorosa foi provocada pela compressão do leito ungueal do polegar para avaliar fibras sensitivas do tronco superior (C6). Os pacientes foram seguidos mensalmente. Prognóstico desfavorável foi atribuído aos pacientes sem força antigravitacional para flexão do cotovelo aos seis meses de idade. RESULTADOS: Trinta pacientes apresentaram hipoestesia dolorosa do polegar, dos quais 26 tiveram prognóstico desfavorável. A sensibilidade do teste foi de 65% e a especificidade 96%. CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação da sensibilidade dolorosa do polegar deve ser incluída na avaliação clínica de pacientes com plexopatia braquial obstétrica.

El cambio en el modo reproductivo de la mujer como etiología de la endometriosis / The change in the reproductive mode of women as etiology of endometriosis

Desde el origen del género homo, su anatomía y fisiología no han cambiado demasiado. Una de las pocas funciones que se ha modificado es el modo reproductivo o tasa de fertilidad. Esta ha sido de 4,7 hijos en la prehistoria y es posible que se haya mantenido estable durante casi toda su evolución como especie (11 millones de años). En esa situación la menstruación era un fenómeno esporádico. Cuando la mujer comienza a controlar la natalidad, su tasa de fertilidad desciende hasta la actual de 2,5 hijos. Se plantea que ese cambio en el modo reproductivo está asociado a la presencia de Endometriosis. La endometriosis es una enfermedad de etiología desconocida que se caracteriza por la presencia de tejido endometrial fuera de su lugar habitual o sea fuera de la cavidad uterina. Tiene básicamente dos formas: la adenomiosis o Endometriosis interna y la Endometriosis pelviana o externa. La Adenomiosis se caracteriza por tejido endometrial ectópico en el miométrio. Ésta es una patología con epidemiología distinta a la Endometriosis pelviana propiamente dicha, por lo que se excluye de este trabajo, en el que se estudiará exclusivamente a la Endometriosis pelviana que se caracteriza por la presencia de tejido endometrial ectópico en los ovarios, las trompas, el peritoneo, el tabique rectovaginal y otras zonas extraperitoneales

Abstract: Since the homo gender origin their anatomy and physiology have not changed much. One of the few functions which has been modified, is the reproductive way or the birth rate. This was of 4.7 children in the pre-history and it is possible that it remained stable during most of the human species evolution (11 million years). Throughout this period, menstruation was not a frequent phenomenon. When women began to apply birth control techniques, the birth rate dropped to the current 2.5 children. It is claimed that this change in the reproductive way is related to the origin of endometriosis. Endometriosis is a disease of unknown etiology which presents endometrial tissue out of its usual place, i.e. out of the uterine cavity. Basically endometriosis is present in two ways: Adenomyosis or inner endometriosis and pelvic or external endometriosis. Adenomyosis is characterized by ectopic endometrial inside the myometrium. This is a disease with an epidemiology different from pelvic endometriosis, for that reason it is not included in this research, in which pelvic endometriosis will be approached exclusively, characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue in the ovaries, tubes and peritoneum, recto-vaginal septum and other extra peritoneal areas

Patrones de lesión en parálisis obstétricas del plexo braquial. Hallazgos morfológicos en 27 exploraciones microquirúrgicas / Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Patterns of injuries morphologic findings in 27 cases

Introducción: El objetivo del estudio es evaluar los patrones morfológicos de lesión en parálisis obstétricas del plexo braquial en 27 casos. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluaron retrospectivamente los datos de las historias clínicas de 27 exploraciones microquirúrgicas realizadas durante el período 2009-2012. Se usó la clasificación clínica de Narakas. Se compararon los hallazgos operatorios con el patrón clínico de lesión. Resultados: Se observaron 18 patrones diferentes de lesión. Las parálisis totales mostraban el mayor tipo de diversidad de lesiones, en general, presentaban roturas de raíces altas con avulsiones de raíces bajas. El compromiso clínico de la raíz de C7 no siempre se correlacionó con los hallazgos quirúrgicos. Conclusión: Las parálisis obstétricas del plexo braquial muestran una gran diversidad de lesiones. La cirugía es altamente demandante, requiere el manejo de todas las estrategias de reconstrucción, según los hallazgos quirúrgicos. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Factores de riesgo asociados a traumatismo al nacimiento / Risk factors associated with birth trauma

ANTECEDENTES: Se define trauma al nacimiento las lesiones sufridas por el feto durante el trabajo de parto o expulsión. OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a lesiones originadas durante el nacimiento en recién nacidos. MÉTODO: Estudio casos y controles, realizado en el período de julio/2004 a diciembre/2005, en la División de Ginecología y Obstetricia del Hospital General de Caxias do Sul/ Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Caxias do Sul, RS, Brasil. Fueron analizadas variables maternas, del parto y fetales, utilizando el programa estadístico SPSS versión 19.0. Los factores que obtuvieron nivel significativo <0,10 en los análisis bivariado fueron insertas en la regresión logística. Se utilizó el modelo de entrada por bloques (block entry) para selección del modelo final de la regresión. RESULTADOS: En el período citado nacieron 2.137 infantes, 26 de ellos (1,2%) sufrieron trauma al nacimiento. La fractura de clavícula fue la lesión más frecuente (n=14; 53,8%), seguida del cefalohematoma (n=5; 19,2%). Las variables gasométricas no presentaron diferencia estadística. En la regresión logística, las únicas variables independientes asociadas a traumatismo al nacimiento fueron parto vaginal (OR-A: 11,08; IC95%: 2,45-49,98; p=0,002) y perímetro torácico >33 cm (OR-A: 3,36; IC95%: 1,35-9,73; p=0,010). CONCLUSIÓN: Los factores de riesgo asociados a lesiones durante el nacimiento involucran el parto vaginal y el perímetro torácico igual o superior a 33cm.

BACKGROUND: Obstetrics injuries can be defined as fetal lesions suffered by the fetus during labor or expulsion. OBJECTIVE: Identify risk factors for fetal birth trauma. METHOD: Case-control study conducted from July 2004 to December 2005. We analyzed maternal and fetal variables using software SPSS 19.0. The variables showing a significance level <0.10 in the bivariate analysis were included in the logistic regression analysis. We used the block entry model for selection of the final regression model. RESULTS: During these period, we identified 2137 births and 26 (1.2%) were related to fetal birth injury. Clavicle fracture was the most frequent injury (n = 14; 53.8%), followed by cephalohematoma (n = 5; 19.2%). Umbilical cord blood gas analysis did not show statistical significance. In the regression analysis of the variables that had significance level <0.10, the only independent variables associated with fetal birth injury were vaginal delivery (OR-A: 11.08; 95%CI: 2.45-49.98; p=0.002) and thorax circumference > 33 cm (OR-A: 3.36; 95%CI: 1.35-9.73; p=0.010). CONCLUSION: The risk factors for fetal birth injury were vaginal delivery and chest circumference equal to or larger than 33 cm. Other variables were not associated with the outcome in discussion.